Bronopol & BNP is one of the top ten daily chemical preservatives in the world as a daily chemical preservative, cotton and rice seed treatment agent, etc.
1. Evaluation of the toxicity of BNP and its transformation products
As shown in Figure 1, the zero point of the effect of the test compound is not the point where the concentration is 0. The curve has an equivalent dose (Z) with an effect of 0. The Z of BNP is 11 mg/L. The concentration is less than Z, which shows low-dose stimulation. The light intensity is stronger than the control group, indicating a toxic effect. The concentration is higher than Z, which suggests it has an inhibitory effect.
The EC5o values of BNP and its transformation products are shown in Table 2. The order of toxicity is: BNM>BNE>BNP>FA>BE. Among them, BE has almost no inhibitory effect on luminescent bacteria. This shows that some transformation products may have a stronger toxic activity mode than the parent compound and show a stronger inhibitory activity.
2. Activity of BNP and its conversion products
The bromine atoms of BNP oxidize the sulfhydryl-containing membrane components (such as cysteine) in the cell membrane or the sulfhydryl active centers of some enzymes in the organelle membrane to generate disulfide compounds, which change the permeability of the cell membrane, causing the outflow of intracellular solutes or inhibiting the normal metabolism of the cell, showing antiseptic and bactericidal activity. BNM and BNE have the active center of BNP and may partially have a toxic mechanism similar to that of BNP. Therefore, the stronger the positive charge of the bromine atom in the molecule, the stronger its oxidizing property and the stronger its toxic effect. BNE, BNM, B The charge of bromine atoms in NP and BE decreases in turn (Table 3), but the toxicity of the compounds does not show the same order. BNM has the largest Kow, showing stronger hydrophobicity than BNE and BNP, and is easier to enter cells and reach the target, so it is also the most toxic. BE has lost its electronegativity due to the removal of the nitro group with strong electron-withdrawing ability, which greatly weakens the oxidizing property of bromine atoms. Therefore, although its hydrophobicity and polarity are similar to those of BNM, its toxicity is significantly reduced. Therefore, the oxidizing property of bromine atoms and the hydrophobicity of compounds well explain the toxicity of the transformation products.
3 .Conclusion
3.1 The transformation products of the preservatives BNP, BNM, and BNE are more harmful than the original compounds. On the other hand, the toxicity of FA and BE drops a lot, while the products with nitro groups become more toxic.
3.2 The toxicity of BNP and its transformation products is related to the oxidizing properties of the bromine atom and the hydrophobicity of the compound, and increases with the increase of the hydrophobicity of the oxidizing compounds of the bromine atom.
3.3 When BNP is mixed with BNM or BNE in different amounts, their combined toxicity has a stronger effect. Basically, when all five compounds are together, they add up to some extent, meaning that some byproducts can make BNP more harmful to the environment. Therefore, when evaluating the environmental impact of BNP, it is unreasonable to use a single toxicity as the basis, and the combined effects between the compounds and their changes should be considered.
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